This is how the last traitors/ small insurrection was handled, those who participated in Shay's rebellion were treated in 1786/1787. (Pulled from Wiki) Sorry its long, but I think its an interesting piece of the current discussion. The Civil War, while also including traitors, obviously was much bigger.
On August 29, a well-organized force of protestors formed in
Northampton, Massachusetts and successfully prevented the county court from sitting.
[24] The leaders of this force proclaimed that they were seeking relief from the burdensome judicial processes that were depriving the people of their land and possessions. They called themselves
Regulators, a reference to the
Regulator movement of
North Carolina which sought to reform corrupt practices in the late 1760s.
[25]
The court was then shut down in
Worcester, Massachusetts by similar action on September 5, but the county militia refused to turn out, as it was composed mainly of men sympathetic to the protestors.
[27] Governors of the neighboring states acted decisively, calling out the militia to hunt down the ringleaders in their own states after the first such protests.
[28]
Samuel Adams claimed that foreigners ("British emissaries") were instigating treason among citizens. Adams helped draw up a
Riot Act and a resolution suspending
habeas corpus so the authorities could legally keep people in jail without trial.
Adams proposed a new legal distinction that rebellion in a republic should be punished by execution.
[15] The legislature also moved to make some concessions on matters that upset farmers, saying that certain old taxes could now be paid in goods instead of hard currency.
[15] These measures were followed by one prohibiting speech critical of the government and offering pardons to protestors willing to take an oath of allegiance.
[33] These legislative actions were unsuccessful in quelling the protests,
[15] and the suspension of
habeas corpus alarmed many.
[34]
Warrants were issued for the arrest of several of the protest ringleaders, and a posse of some 300 men rode to Groton on November 28 to arrest Job Shattuck and other rebel leaders in the area. Shattuck was chased down and arrested on the 30th and was wounded by a sword slash in the process.
[35] This action and the arrest of other protest leaders in the eastern parts of the state angered those in the west, and they began to organize an overthrow of the state government. "The seeds of war are now sown", wrote one correspondent in
Shrewsbury,
[36] and by mid-January rebel leaders spoke of smashing the "tyrannical government of Massachusetts".
[37]
The federal government had been unable to recruit soldiers for the army because of a lack of funding, so Massachusetts leaders decided to act independently. On January 4, 1787, Governor Bowdoin proposed creating a privately funded militia army. Former Continental Army General
Benjamin Lincoln solicited funds and raised more than £6,000 from more than 125 merchants by the end of January.
[38] The 3,000 militiamen who were recruited into this army were almost entirely from the eastern counties of Massachusetts, and they marched to Worcester on January 19.
While the government forces assembled, Shays and Day and other rebel leaders in the west organized their forces establishing regional regimental organizations that were run by democratically elected committees. Their first major target was the federal armory in Springfield.
[40] General Shepard had taken possession of the armory under orders from Governor Bowdoin, and he used its arsenal to arm a militia force of 1,200. He had done this even though the armory was federal property, not state, and he did not have permission from Secretary at War
Henry Knox.
[41][42]
The insurgents were organized into three major groups and intended to surround and attack the armory simultaneously. Shays had one group east of Springfield near
Palmer, Luke Day had a second force across the Connecticut River in
West Springfield, and the force under
Eli Parsons was to the north at
Chicopee.
[43] The rebels had planned their assault for January 25, but Day changed this at the last minute and sent a message to Shays indicating that he would not be ready to attack until the 26th.
[44] Day's message was intercepted by Shepard's men, so the militia of Shays and Parsons approached the armory on the 25th not knowing that they would have no support from the west;
[45] instead, they found Shepard's militia waiting for them. Shepard first ordered warning shots fired over the heads of Shays' men, and then he ordered two cannons to fire
grape shot. Four Shaysites were killed and 20 wounded. There was no musket fire from either side, and the rebel advance collapsed.
[46] Most of the rebel forces fled north, both Shays' men and Day's men, and they eventually regrouped at
Amherst, Massachusetts.
[47]
General Lincoln immediately began marching west from Worcester with the 3,000 men that had been mustered. The rebels moved generally north and east to avoid him, eventually establishing a camp at
Petersham, Massachusetts. They raided the shops of local merchants for supplies along the way and took some of the merchants hostage. Lincoln pursued them and reached
Pelham, Massachusetts on February 2, some 30 miles (48 km) from Petersham.
[48] He led his militia on a forced march to Petersham through a bitter snowstorm on the night of February 3–4, arriving early in the morning. They surprised the rebel camp so thoroughly that the rebels scattered "without time to call in their out parties or even their guards".
[49] Lincoln claimed to capture 150 men but none of them were officers, and historian Leonard Richards has questioned the veracity of the report. Most of the leadership escaped north into New Hampshire and Vermont, where they were sheltered despite repeated demands that they be returned to Massachusetts for trial.
[50]
Lincoln's march marked the end of large-scale organized resistance. Ringleaders who eluded capture fled to neighboring states, and pockets of local resistance continued. Some rebel leaders approached
Lord Dorchester for assistance, the British governor of the
Province of Quebec who reportedly promised assistance in the form of
Mohawk warriors led by
Joseph Brant.
[51] Dorchester's proposal was vetoed in London, however, and no assistance came to the rebels.
[52] The same day that Lincoln arrived at Petersham, the state legislature passed bills authorizing a state of martial law and giving the governor broad powers to act against the rebels. The bills also authorized state payments to reimburse Lincoln and the merchants who had funded the army and authorized the recruitment of additional militia.
[53] On February 16, 1787, the Massachusetts legislature passed the Disqualification Act to prevent a legislative response by rebel sympathizers. This bill forbade any acknowledged rebels from holding a variety of elected and appointed offices.[54]
Four thousand people signed confessions acknowledging participation in the events of the rebellion in exchange for amnesty. Several hundred participants were eventually indicted on charges relating to the rebellion, but most of these were pardoned under a general amnesty that excluded only a few ringleaders. Eighteen men were convicted and sentenced to death, but most of these had their sentences commuted or overturned on appeal, or were pardoned. John Bly and Charles Rose, however, were hanged on December 6, 1787.[58] They were also accused of a common-law crime, as both were looters.
Shays was pardoned in 1788 and he returned to Massachusetts from hiding in the Vermont woods.
[59] He was vilified by the Boston press, who painted him as an archetypal anarchist opposed to the government.
[60] He later moved to the
Conesus, New York area where he died poor and obscure in 1825.
[59]