Doesn't the Senate have authority over the powers granted to cabinet members?
Good question.
The
Senate offers "advice and consent" to the President by a majority vote
on the appointments of federal judges, ambassadors, and
Cabinet positions. Treaties with other nations entered into by the President must be approved by a two-thirds vote by the
Senate.
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/6a.asp
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45442.pdf
[SIZE=33.4px]Congress’s Authority to Influence and Control [/SIZE][SIZE=33.4px]Executive Branch Agencies [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]The Constitution neither [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]establishes administrative agencies nor explicitly prescribes the manner [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]by which they may be created.[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]Even so,[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]the Supreme Court has generally recognized that [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]Congress has broad constitutional authority to establish and shape the federal bureaucracy. [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]Cong[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]ress may use its Article I lawmaking powers to create federal agencies and individual [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]offices within those agencies, design agencies’ basic structures and operations, and prescribe, [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]subject to certain constitutional limitations,[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]how[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] those holding [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]agenc[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]y of[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]fices[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] are appointe[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]d and [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]removed.[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]Congress [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]also [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]may enumerat[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]e the powers, duties, and functions to[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] be exercise[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]d by [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]agencies, as well[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] as[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] directly counteract, through [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]later[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] legislation, certain agency actions [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]implementing [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]delegated [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]authority.[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]The most potent [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]tools of [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]congressional [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]control [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]over agencies[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px], including [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]those addressing the [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]structuring, empowering, [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]regulating, and funding [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]of [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]agencies, typically require enactment of legislation. [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]Such legislation[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] must [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]comport with[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] constitutional requirements related to bicameralism (i.e., it must [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]be approved[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] by both houses of Congress) and presentment [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px](i.e., it must [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]be presented [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]to the President for signature). [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]The constitutional process to enact effective legislation[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] requires the [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]support of the House, Senate, and the President[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px],[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]unless the support in both houses is [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]sufficient[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] to override the President’s [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]veto. [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]There[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] also are[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] many [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]non[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]-[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]statutory tools (i.e., tools not requiring legislative enactment to exercise) that may [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]be used[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] by th[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]e [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]House, Senate, congressional committees, or individual Members of Congress to influence and control agency action. In [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]some cases, non[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]-[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]statutory measures, such [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]as[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] impeachment and [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]removal, [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]Senate advice and consent[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] to appointments or the [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]ratification of tr[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]eaties, [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]and committee issuance of subpoenas, can impose legal consequences. Others, however, such as [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]House resolutions of inquiry, may not [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]be used[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px] to bind agencies or agency officials and rely for their effectiveness on their [/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]ability to persuade or influen[/SIZE][SIZE=16.6px]ce[/SIZE]