In the matter of state secrecy, Obama allowed all of the National Security Agency’s surveillance to continue, including the use of warrantless wiretaps and metadata—even though the NSA was violating its own rules. After the revelations by whistle-blower Edward Snowden of NSA practices, Obama stated that while he championed civil liberties, there was a trade-off when it came to real threats. Under pressure from Congress, Obama signed legislation limiting the collection of bulk data, including a requirement that communications companies rather than the NSA possess such data. Overall, reform was very limited; the government retained enormous surveillance authority.